Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (sTREM2) is a soluble isoform of the transmembrane protein TREM2, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed predominantly on myeloid cells. With a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa, sTREM2 is derived from the extracellular domain of the full-length TREM2 through proteolytic cleavage. Under normal physiological conditions, TREM2 plays a central role in myeloid cell activation and survival. Expressed on macrophages across various tissues, TREM2 has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. sTREM2 has emerged as an exploratory biomarker in neuroinflammatory and neurogenerative disorders, offering valuable insights into the level of microglial activation. Elevated levels of sTREM2 have been detected in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). sTREM2 has also been implicated in a spectrum of conditions including Parkinson’s disease, Frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, and other conditions marked by microglial activation. Elevated levels of sTREM2 in plasma and CSF have been associated with disease progression and severity, suggesting its potential as a possible biomarker.
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